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What is Volcanic Ash?

• Ash properties & ash dispersal
• What is it like during an ash fall?

Guidance for homes, business & communities

• Actions to take
• Ash clean-up (removing ash)

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Effects of ash and how to lessen their impacts on the following activities

| Agriculture | Buildings | Communications | Health | Power Supply | Transportation | Water Supply | Waste Water |

Agriculture

• Introduction
• Survival of livestock
• Effects on pasture
• Effects on forestry
• Effects on arable crops
• Case study
• Rehabilitation of pasture and crops

Buildings

• Roofs & Gutters
• Design & construction
• Air-handling systems
• Electronics
• Removing Ash
• Keeping Ash Out
• References

Communications

• Interference from ash
• Overloading of systems
• Damage caused by ash
• Keeping ash out
• Removing ash
• References

Health

• Common respiratory symptoms
• Eye symptoms
• Skin irritations
• Mechanical effects
• Chronic medical aspects
• Case histories
• Mitigation measures
• References

Power Supply

• Insulator flashover
• Air intakes
• Other problems
• Historical examples of damage
• Removing ash
• References

Transportation

• Roads & Highways
• Vehicles
• Railways
• Airports
• Aircraft
• References

Water Supply

• Water quality
• Water demand
• Equipment damage
• Mitigation measures
• Case studies
• References

Waste Water

• Overview
• Sewage treatment facilities
• Historical examples
• Keeping Ash Out
• Removing Ash