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2 January 2003
Breakout near the coast
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| Left. Breakout in east arm of Mother's
Day flow 200 m from coast. Width of view, 5 m. 0554. Right. Floating
plate of crust just broken off rest of flow by gushing new breakout. Width
of view, 3 m. 0613. |
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| Left. Small stream pouring from under
crust at breakout site. Width of view, 1.5 m. 0624. Right.
Photographer intent on moving breakout. 0632. |
5 January 2003
Highcastle highlights
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| Left. Over-driven lava falls reflects
off water at front of new Highcastle delta. Height of free-falling falls,
about 2 m. 0549. Right. Top of gushing cascade just southeast of
Highcastle delta. This cascade had nearly dried up when the inflating flow
behind gave way about 30 seconds before this image was taken. Width of
stream, about 1.5 m. 0551. |
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| Left. End of one gush in cascade shown
in upper right. Upper part has developed crust and nearly stopped flowing.
Lower part is draining away. Height of sea cliff, about 8 m. 0626. Right.
Cascade has resumed, with lava visible most of way down sea cliff. 0640. |
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Looking west from above southeast end of new Highcastle lava delta. Faint
glow visible at active tip of delta. In distance, laze plume rises from
front of West Highcastle delta, which is broad flat point jutting seaward
from draped cliff. Distant Wilipe`a delta just visible over West Highcastle
delta in large view. 0643.
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7 January 2003
Lava on Paliuli
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| Left. Overview of part of Paliuli,
showing cascade featured in following images in context with broad, partly
incandescent flow at brink of pali. More incandescence in this wide flow
occurs left of image. Fume high on Pulama pali comes from tube system.
Faint incandescence near edge of flow field along right side of image is in
east arm of Mother's Day flow above Paliuli. Height of Paliuli here is
about 15 m. 0641. Right. Narrow stream pouring down Paliuli in
channel. This streams ends in sluggish rubble and toes shown in following
images and in video clips for this date. Length of stream in image is about 20 m. 0545. |
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| Left. Lava gushes from under crust
near end of channel shown above. Width of view, 50-75 cm. 0535. Right.
Bulging toe, with stretched and deformed bubbles, near end of channel shown
above. Width of view, 50-75 cm. 0536. |
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| Left. Lava oozing from inside mostly
crusted front of channeled stream shown above. Width of view, 50-75 cm.
0538. Right. Slabby front of stream shown above. Lava pushes plates
of crust to advance flow front. Width of view, 2-3 m. 0603. |
8 January 2003
Star light, star bright
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Mozart wrote 12 piano variations on "Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star." He
could have had a field day with the scene this morning, the hundreds of
incandescent spots resembling a close-up of the Milky Way. This view shows
some--not all--of the sparkling area between the base of Pulama pali and
Paliuli. 0505.
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9 January 2003
Trickle on Paliuli
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| Left. Trickle of lava has built new
fan from top to bottom of 12-m-high Paliuli, near west edge of Mother's Day
flow. 0649. Right. Close-up of lowest segment of lava trickle,
feeding sluggish flow on flat below pali. 0625. |
10 January 2003
Paliuli in the afternoon
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| Left. Flow in foreground is fed by
trickles of lava on Paliuli. Height of Paliuli, about 10 m. 1744. Right.
Lava breaking out from under crust at front of flow fed by trickles. Width
of view, about 70 cm. 1702. |
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| Left. Close view of budding toe from
front of flow 100 m from base of Paliuli. Width of view, 40 cm. 1802. Right.
Similar view of adjacent toe. Width
of view, about 40 cm. 1802. |
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| Left. Bulbous toe advancing front of
flow above. Width of view, about 50 cm. 1744. Right.
Lava breaking out from under crust at sunset. 1752. |
14 January 2003
Flow front seaward of Paliuli
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| Left. Lava above and on Paliuli. This
sets scene for next images, most of which were taken at front of flow on
coastal flat. 0637. Right. Small gush from edge of inflating flow
440 m seaward of Paliuli. Width of view, about 2 m. 0528. |
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| Left. Several toes in various states
of formation along edge of inflating flow 440 m seaward of Paliuli. Width
of view, 2-3 m. 0534. Right. Spreading toe along same margin. Width
of view, about 1.5 m. 0552. |
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| Left. Meeting of the toes along edge
of flow. Width of view, about 1.5 m. 0556. Right. Low-level view of
languid toes spreading across flat at front of flow. Width of view, 3-4 m.
0643. |
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| Left. Ground-level view of moving
toes. Width of view, 1-2 m. 0646. Right. Crust on moving toe
becoming wrinkled in transit from left to right. Width of view, about 1 m.
0649. |
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| Left. Front of flow leaving broad
depression that lava had to fill before flow could advance farther. Person
for scale in upper left quarter of image. 0651. Right. Lava breaks
out from flow leaving filled basin. Individual breakouts are 1-2 m across.
0656. |
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| Left. West Highcastle laze plume,
blowing onshore in kona wind, silhouetted against predawn sky, with small
active toes in foreground. 0626. Right. West Highcastle laze
plume backlit by rising sun. 0705. |
17 January 2003
From Pu`u `O`o to coast
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| Left. Aerial view of Puka Nui and
south side of Pu`u `O`o. Puka Nui is large collapse crater on south flank
of Pu`u `O`o. Near fume on left side of image is from Mother's Day lava
tube. Right. Cookie Monster skylight and associated hornito, along
Mother's Day lava tube below Pu`u `O`o. |
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| Left. Evidence of unusually large
methane explosion along edge of Mother's Day flow above Pulama pali. GPS
unit on rock gives scale. Rocks have been broken and overturned by
explosion. Right. Light-toned active lava flow on coastal flat below
Paliuli (dark cliff crossing field of view). Images below were taken at tip
of western (left) lobe. Tips of broad eastern (right) lobe are about 800 m
from Paliuli. |
Wrinkles form as skin ages
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| Left. Edge of flow on coastal flat.
Fume comes from main feeding lava tube just above Paliuli (steep area) and
on gentle slope just below Pulama pali. Pulama pali is high area behind
Paliuli. This general area is site of all
images today. 0701. Right. Small breakout from edge of flow. Note
coarse wrinkles, some folded, on crust that formed several tens of seconds
ago. 0716. |
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| Left. Gush of lava broke from under
crust of advancing flow and moved a few meters into view. Note incandescent
wrinkles and folds on thin skin floating on lava. Width of view, about 2.5
m. 0537. Right. Narrow stream of lava with wrinkled crust, flowing
from right to left. Width of view, about 2 m. 0604. |
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| Left. Flat toe about 1 m wide abutting
an obstacle and folding accordingly. 0657. Right. Lava pouring from
under crust, cooling en route, and forming crust that wrinkles as velocity
slows. Width of view, 2-3 m. 0707. |
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| Left. Two breakouts pour into crack in
underlying flow. Lava falls from sack-like wrinkled toe. Each breakout is
about 1.5 m wide. 0708. Right. Deep wrinkles in crust on toe falling
into crack. Width of view, 75 cm. 0711. |
19 January 2003
Morning after Full Wolf Moon
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| Left. Lava breaks out of crust on
moving toe and sends feeler or root into crack below. Location is about
halfway between Paliuli and West Highcastle, on coastal flat. Width of
view, about 75 cm. 0604. Right. Flat, thin gush moves rapidly from
breakout point just right of view. Length of gush, about 1 m. Next images
shows closer view of crust on this gush. 0606. |
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| Left. Wrinkled, incandescent crust on
thin gushing toe shown in right image above. Note concave shape of
wrinkles, indicating movement from right to left. Width of view, about 50
cm. 0607. Right. Wolf Moon, one day after full, overlooks front of
active lobe on coastal flat, about halfway between Paliuli and West
Highcastle. 0624. |
20 January 2003
Flowing out of sight
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| Left. Lava commonly flows from the
surface into preexisting cracks and cavities made during earlier periods of
flow emplacement and inflation. Generally the lava cools quickly
underground against the cool rock and consequently doesn't advance far.
Often, however, reheating of the older rock as far as 20-30 m downstream
from the active surface flow makes the ground surface too hot to touch and
turns the sides of cracks incandescent. In this image, surface lava is
flowing underground, into an inflation cave (tube) formed last summer. Site
is at the front of the western lobe on the coastal flat, about 1.4 km from
the ranger hut at the end of Chain of Craters Road. Flash used to show
details of dark inflation feature. 0548. Right. Same scene 5
minutes later, showing more lava flowing within inflation cave. 0553. |
22 January 2003
New breakouts high on Mother's Day tube
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| Left. Looking approximately westward
across uppermost breakouts along Mother's Day tube system. Breakout site
nearest camera is from Cookie Monster skylight (RIP). Second breakout comes
from just northwest of Cookie Monster. Third breakout (upper left) comes
from big bend in tube. Breakouts are shiny appearing, in contrast to the
dull older flows. In upper right is tephra-covered area between Pu`u `O`o
and Napau Crater. 1117. Right. Looking farther down Mother's Day tube
system. Nearest shiny mass is breakout at bend of tube (upper left in image
to left). In distance are two tiny breakouts, which were active in morning
but had stopped by afternoon. 1113. |
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| Left. Looking approximately north at
breakout from site of Cookie Monster skylight and adjacent breakout just to
northwest (toward left side of image. 1118. Right. Closer view of
Cookie Monster breakout site. 1122. |
31 January 2003
Hornitos and "carlitos"
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| Left. New skylight and hornito
developed about where former Cookie Monster once reigned. "Son of Cookie
Monster" has been built in past week, following the surge in surface
activity on January 21-22. Right. Looking across field of "carlitos,"
informal term for small hornitos, toward VLF training camp, where new
workers are learning how to measure flux in lava tube using Very Low
Frequency radio receiver. |
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| Two views of tiny hornitos, or "carlitos," in
area of upper-right image. Note thin glass filaments and points, formed by
chilling of gassy lava spit from skylight. Discoloring is from sulfur and
other minerals deposited by gas, as well as minerals formed by chemical
alteration of glass by hot vapor. Carlitos form in dangerous
areas, where roof on lava tube is thin. Solitary glove reminds us of this
danger. |
7 January 2003
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January 7, 2003; 0533. Channeled cascade on Paliuli. Other
videos on this day focus on front of this cascade. Wind noise in this and other
clips is obvious, but listen for sounds of pieces of crust scraping
against one another or across ground. For scale, flow front in all clips is 1-1.5 m high.
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January 7, 2003; 0536. Fluid lava leaks from inside
crusted front of cascade.
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January 7, 2003; 0540. Breaking and tumbling crust on
slabby flow front.
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January 7, 2003; 0601. More disruption of
slabby flow front.
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January 7, 2003; 0605. More disruption of
slabby flow front.
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14 January 2003
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January 14, 2003; 0526. Rapidly flowing single toe of lava at front of flow 440 m seaward
of Paliuli. Other videos on this day focus on similar toes. Sound was turned off during the imaging.
For scale, flowing lava in all clips is 1-3 m wide.
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January 14, 2003; 0552. Sheet of lava pouring
from inflating flow. Note wrinkling, moving crust.
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January 14, 2003; 0553. Same sheet of lava pouring
from inflating flow but seen from different angle.
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January 14, 2003; 0559. Single toe in action. Note concentric wrinkes
forming at bottom of view.
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January 14, 2003; 0649. Low-angle view of fluid
toe spreading out. Note moving dark crust on distant part of toe.
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17 January 2003
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January 17, 2003; 0549. Rushing toe of lava that has just broken out
from front of one active lobe of flow on coastal flat seaward of Paliuli. Toe is about 50 cm
wide. Note how crust is "scrunched"
at bottom of minicascade, resulting in wrinkles. Other videos on this day show breakouts in same area.
In all videos, wind noise may be bothersome.
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January 17, 2003; 0636. Small gush is on crest of small divide and starts
flowing down right side as well as left. Stream is about 1 m wide.
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January 17, 2003; 0653. Tear begins to develop in
crust on stage-left side of flow. Lava eventually pours from tear. Stream is
0.75-1 m wide.
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January 17, 2003; 0656. Video shows wrinkling of
thin crust at bottom of gentle slope. Note the concave-upstream shape of the
wrinkles. Stream is
about 1 m wide.
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January 17, 2003; 0657. Lava runs from under
crust along edge of inflating flow. Flakes of crust, heated by the emerging
lava, spall off and fall onto surface of lava. Width of view, about 75 cm.
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January 17, 2003; 0706. Two streams break from
under inflating flow. Note how crust forms on closer stream and becomes
wrinkled where lava runs into barrier. Each stream is about 3 m long.
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January 17, 2003; 0712. Lava slowly rafts plate
of crust downstream. Width of plate of crust, about 1 m.
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Map of flows from Pu`u `O`o: 25 November 2002
Map shows lava flows erupted during the 1983-present activity of Pu`u `O`o
and Kupaianaha (see
large map). Lava from the Mother's Day flow (red flow on west side of flow field)
reached the sea at West Highcastle early on July 19, at Wilipe`a early on
July 21, and at Highcastle on August 8. From near the southwest base of Pu`u `O`o, the
Mother's Day flow passes along the west side of the flow field and into the
forest, where it started a large wildfire in May that continued into late July. By June 10,
the Mother's Day flow had reached the base
of Paliuli, the steep slope and cliff below Pulama pali and just above the
coastal flat. At the base of Paliuli, the Mother's Day flow abruptly spread
laterally in a series of small budding flows to cover an area nearly 2 km
wide, gradually moving seaward until the West Highcastle and Wilipe`a lobes
finally reached the ocean and started building benches. Activity at West
Highcastle ended in early August, but entry began soon thereafter at Highcastle,
eventually burying tiny kipuka of the Chain of Craters Road. The Wilipe`a entry
died away slowly and had ended by mid-August. Highcastle and neighboring
Highcastle Stairs entries ended on about August 23. For a time there were no
active entries. Then Wilipe`a was reactivated on September 3 and remains active
as of November 25. West Highcastle likewise renewed its activity on September
16-17, died away during the night of September 18-19, and returned soon
thereafter to continue to time of mapping. East arm of Mother's Day flow
branched from Highcastle lobe in late October and sent three fingers into ocean
at Highcastle on November 15, West Lae`apuki on November 19, and Lae`apuki on
November 20. Of these, only Lae`apuki (the eastern of the two entries labeled "Lae`apuki"
on map) was still active on November 25, but it had stopped by November 29.
Eruption-viewing opportunities change constantly, refer to the HVO home page for
current information. Those readers planning a visit to Kilauea or Mauna Loa volcanoes can get much useful
information from Hawai`i Volcanoes National Park.
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