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19 November 2002
Lava reaches the sea once more
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| Left. Small lava falls from western
edge of east arm of Mother's Day flow feeds flow covering black sand beach
and part of older lava delta. Trickle of lava enters water at extreme left
end of flow (note steam). Sea cliff is about 10 m high. 0616. Right.
Looking down onto flow fed by cascade in left image, but earlier in the
morning. 0530. |
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| Left. View across flow at base of
small lava falls shown above. Distant glow is from entry off West
Highcastle delta. Small glow at intermediate distance is from lava in
foreground flow entering water. 0549. Right. Same lava falls in
early morning light in Highcastle kipuka. 0640. |
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| Left. Same lava falls as above, viewed
from west. Lava breaks out in upper right of image and heads toward cliff.
Next three images trace this toe as it falls down cliff. 0645:37. Right.
Lava has just started down cliff. 0646:05. |
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| Left. Ten seconds later, lava is
plunging down cliff. 0646:15. Right.
Small new falls is now established. 0646:43. |
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| Left. Lava falls into sea from new
entry 170 m east of entry shown above. Height of falls, about 6 m. 0603. Right.
Same lava falls at sunup. In large image, note pedestal built by lava
falling into water. 0630. |
20 November 2002
A new lava delta, and yesterday's entries continue
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| Left. Ocean entries on west side of
new lava delta at Lae`apuki, 500 m east of Highcastle. Note photographer on left in large
image. 0602. Right. Image taken from photographer's site showing as
much of new delta as can be seen from any one point. Delta reaches 8-10 m
seaward and extends 20-25 m along shore. Steam shrouds delta most of time
at dawn; this was lucky shot. 0618. |
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| Left. Lava slithers down sea cliff 8 m
above water. Middle entry, same one as shown in last two images taken
yesterday. No delta has formed here yet, despite two days of activity.
0630. Right. Flow feeding lava onto Highcastle beach is just beyond
bush. In upper right is middle entry and feeding flow. Looking eastward.
0637. |
21 November 2002
Deltas and drapery
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| Left. Looking west across new lava
delta at Lae`apuki, with feeding surface flow evident at top of 12-m-high
sea cliff. In distance is West Highcastle delta. 0557. Right.
Looking east across new lava delta at Lae`apuki. Compare with image taken
at 0618 yesterday from same site to see how much smaller the delta is
today, probably because of collapse. Photographer on top of sea cliff in
upper left gives scale. 0611. |
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| Left. Closer view of new lava delta
with another photographer on left. 0617. Right. Looking west at West
Highcastle lava delta from near new delta. Plume of laze in distance is
from Wilipe`a delta; plume from West Highcastle is just left of image. Note
gently sloping surface of West Highcastle delta from old sea cliff to
leading edge. 0653. |
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| Left. View of sea cliff draped by
Mother's Day flow in August and September 2002, taken from same place as
right image above. Cliff is 12-15 m high. Wave swash is on new black sand
beach created in past couple of months. 0654. Right. Vegetated
kipuka at Highcastle between two segments of drapery--left drapery created
in August-September and right drapery in past 5 days. 0659. |
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Lava flow covers new black sand beach. This flow was fed by
falls in right part of, and just to right of, image. It formed in past 5
days and was active last night although not now. Behind is drapery from
August and September. Beach formed mainly in September and October. 0700.
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22 November 2002
Lae`apuki lava
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| Left. Lae`apuki lava delta, looking
east from approximate vantage point of image at 0557 yesterday. Delta has
expanded along shore but has not grown much seaward. 0542. Right.
View from same location, but with wider angle and later in morning with
more light. Following closer shots are from same location and focus on
front of delta. 0613. |
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| Left. Many breakouts are taking place
on surface of delta, but lava is spilling into water from under crust.
0547. Right. Chicken legs and feet. Lava falls from front of
delta and briefly puddles on new beach. Moments later, a wave washes in and
destroys the feet. Legs are 2-3 m long. 0548. |
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| More examples of less-chicken-like lava
spills under different lighting conditions. Left. Wave has
receded, and scene is not backlit. 0623:45. Right. Spray from wave
reflects glow and backlights scene. 0624:00 |
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Lava drops down sea cliff (left) and flows across delta at
Lae`apuki. Width of view, 7-10 m. Nicely shown are ropes in developing crust
and cooling downflow. 0607.
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| Two views of West Highcastle lava delta. Left.
Looking across Lae`apuki delta from east side of delta. Prominent laze
plume comes from glowing front of West Highcastle, 900 m away. Glow from
Wilipe`a delta is just left of plume. 0603. Right. Edge of tongue
feeding West Lae`apuki delta. Laze plumes from both West Highcastle (left)
and Wilipe`a (right) visible. 0632. |
24 November 2002
Lava at Lae`apuki
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Lava flowing off front of Lae`apuki delta into water.
Looking west at widest part of delta. 0552.
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25 November 2002
More from Lae`apuki lava delta
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| Left. Looking across small Lae`apuki
lava delta, showing new cascade that developed only 1-2 minutes earlier.
Glow and laze plumes from West Highcastle (middle distance) and Wilipe`a
(left edge of image) visible. 0614. Right. View of same cascade at
Lae`apuki and of lava welling from small mound on surface of lava delta.
Larger mound shown in left image below. Photographer behind cascade (see large image) gives scale. 0634. |
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| Left. Mound of ooze-out flows about
2-25. m high on eastern part of Lae``apuki lava delta. Mound formed when
lava oozed from blocked lava tube, possibly clogged because of quenching by
water. 0622. Right. Close-up of lava starting to cascade onto delta.
Note stretching of incipient bubbly crust. Length of stream in image, about
1.5 m. 0632. |
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Looking down onto sluggish base of earlier cascade at
Lae`apuki, showing ropes and festoons that form by folding of crust as lava
creeps downslope. Length of flow show, 2-3 m. 0601.
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27 November 2002
Thanksgiving Eve at Lae`apuki
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| Lava falling into ocean at west end of
Lae`apuki delta. Left. Two falls, longest 1.5 m high, branch
from same feeding flow. 0551. Right. Same falls as in left image,
but wider angle shows most of cascade above falls. In 3 minutes, both falls
in left image have become one. 0554. |
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| Left. Same cascade and falls as in
right image above, but 11 minutes later. Base of cascade has widened to 1.5
m. 0605. Right. Like a scene from Moulin Rouge, vermillion glow
lights water and silhouettes prow of delta. 0542. |
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| Left. Small lava channel about 100 m
inland of Lae`apuki. Width of view, about 3 m. 0527. Right. Front of
breakout heads toward water 100 m away. Width of view, about 7 m. 0629. |
29 November 2002
Skylight and surface flows
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| Left. Okita's skylight high up
Mother's Day flow, along main lava tube feeding flow. Note stalactites
hanging from roof of tube and flow lines in lava within tube. Width of skylight about 1 m. Right. Shiny,
recently emplaced pahoehoe in east arm of Mother's Day flow between Pulama
pali and Paliuli. Kipuka is 10-15 m across. |
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| Left. Southeastward view of Wilipe`a
lava delta, showing shiny, hot pahoehoe, some of which is actively oozing
(see large view). Lava is breaking out from tubes and may be rising along
developing cracks in delta. Right. West Highcastle lava delta,
looking west. Note lava fan built where tube, defined by elongate line of
fume in upper right quadrant, has occasionally spilled its contents onto
delta surface. Recent breakouts are shiny. Note cliffy, scalloped front on
delta, reflecting several recent collapses. In far distance are Wilipe`a
delta and end of Chain of Craters Road. Distance from pavement to West
Highcastle tube is about 1.3 km. |
Map of flows from Pu`u `O`o: 10 September 2002
Map shows lava flows erupted during the 1983-present activity of Pu`u `O`o
and Kupaianaha (see
large map). Active flows in May-July (shown in red) originated from two
sources?the area of the rootless shields and an area just southwest of Pu`u
`O`o. The two flows from the rootless shields are the Boundary flow, the longer
flow along the edge of the national park, and the HALP flow, which moved into
Royal Gardens subdivision on May 21. Lava from the Mother's Day flow (red flow on west side of flow field)
reached the sea at West Highcastle early on July 19, at Wilipe`a early on
July 21, and at Highcastle on August 8. From near the southwest base of Pu`u `O`o, the
Mother's Day flow passes along the west side of the flow field and into the
forest, where it started a large wildfire in May that continued into late July. By June 10,
the Mother's Day flow had reached the base
of Paliuli, the steep slope and cliff below Pulama pali and just above the
coastal flat. At the base of Paliuli, the Mother's Day flow abruptly spread
laterally in a series of small budding flows to cover an area nearly 2 km
wide, gradually moving seaward until the West Highcastle and Wilipe`a lobes
finally reached the ocean and started building benches. Activity at West
Highcastle ended in early August, but entry began soon thereafter at Highcastle,
eventually burying tiny kipuka of the Chain of Craters Road. The Wilipe`a entry
died away slowly and had ended by mid-August. Highcastle and neighboring
Highcastle Stairs entries ended on about August 23. For a time there were no
active entries. Then Wilipe`a was reactivated on September 3 and remains active
as of September 19. West Highcastle likewise renewed its activity on September
16-17 but died away during the night of September 18-19. Not shown on the map is the new northeastern end of the
Wilipe`a bench, which extends halfway to West Highcastle from the east end of
the bench shown on the map.
Eruption-viewing opportunities change constantly, refer to the HVO home page for
current information. Those readers planning a visit to Kilauea or Mauna Loa volcanoes can get much useful
information from Hawai`i Volcanoes National Park.
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