Volcano Hazard Assessments are based on the geologic record

By Volcano Hazards Program

A long-term volcano hazard assessment report is a publication that summarizes the types and likelihood of future hazardous phenomena expected to occur at a specific volcano or volcanic region. The report typically includes a summary of the specific hazards, their impact areas, and a map showing ground-hazard zones. The assessments are also critical for planning long-term land-use, and effective emergency-response measures, especially when a volcano begins to show signs of unrest.

Alaska

Akutan

Waythomas, C. F., Power, J. A., Richter, D. H. & McGimsey, R. G. (1998). Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for Akutan Volcano east-central Aleutian Islands, Alaska. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report , 98-360, 36 p., 1 plate. http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ofr98360

Aniakchak

Neal, C. A., McGimsey, R. G., Miller, T. P., Riehle, J. R. & Waythomas, C. F. (2001). Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for Aniakchak Volcano, Alaska. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report , 00-519, 35 p., 1 plate.

Augustine

Waythomas, C. F. & Waitt, R. (1998). Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for Augustine Volcano, Alaska. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report , 98-106, 39 p., 1 plate.

Emmons Lake

Waythomas, C. F., Miller, T. P. & Mangan, M. T. (2006). Preliminary volcano hazard assessment for the Emmons Lake Volcanic Center, Alaska. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report , 2006-5248, 33 p., 1 plate.

Fisher

Stelling, P. L., Beget, J. E., Gardner, J. E. & Schaefer, J. R. (2014). Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for Fisher volcano, Unimak Island, Alaska. Report of Investigations , 2014-5, 32 p. doi:10.14509/29146

Gareloi

Coombs, M. L., McGimsey, R. G. & Browne, B. L. (2008). Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for Gareloi Volcano, Gareloi Island, Alaska. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report , 2008–5159, 36 p., 1 plate.

Great Sitkin

Waythomas, C. F., Miller, T. P. & Nye, C. J. (2003). Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for Great Sitkin Volcano, Alaska. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report , 03-112, 25 p., 1 plate.

Hayes

Waythomas, C. F. & Miller, T. P. (2002). Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for Hayes Volcano, Alaska.U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report , 02-072, 27 p., 1 plate.

Iliamna

Waythomas, C. F. & Miller, T. P. (1999). Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for Iliamna Volcano, Alaska.U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report , 99-373, 31 p., 1 plate.

Kanaga

Waythomas, C. F., Miller, T. P. & Nye, C. J. (2002). Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for Kanaga Volcano, Alaska. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report , 02-0397, 27 p., 1 plate.

Katmai

Fierstein, J. & Hildreth, W. (2001). Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for the Katmai Volcanic Cluster, Alaska. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report , 00-489, 50 p., 1 plate.

Makushin

Beget, J. E., Nye, C. J. & Bean, K. W. (2000). Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for Makushin Volcano, Alaska. Report of Investigations , 2000-4, 22 p., 1 plate.

Okmok

Beget, J. E., Larsen, J. F., Neal, C. A., Nye, C. J. & Schaefer, J. R. (2005). Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for Okmok Volcano, Unimak Island, Alaska. Report of Investigations , 2004-3, 32 p., 1 sheet.

Pavlof

Waythomas, C. F., Miller, T. P., McGimsey, R. G. & Neal, C. A. (1997). Preliminary volcanic-hazard assessment for Pavlof Volcano, Alaska. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report , 97-135, 1 plate.

Redoubt

Waythomas, C. F., Dorava, J. M., Miller, T. P., Neal, C. A. & McGimsey, R. G. (1998). Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for Redoubt Volcano, Alaska. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report , 97-857, 40 p., 1 plate.

Shishaldin

Beget, J. E., Nye, C. J., Schaefer, J. R. & Stelling, P. L. (2003). Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for Shishaldin Volcano, Alaska. Report of Investigations , 2002-4, 28 p., 1 plate.

Spurr

Waythomas, C. F. & Nye, C. J. (2002). Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for Mount Spurr Volcano, Alaska. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report , 01-482, 40 p., 1 plate.

Tanaga

Coombs, M. L., McGimsey, R. G. & Browne, B. L. (2007). Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for the Tanaga volcanic cluster, Tanaga Island, Alaska. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report , 2007-5094, 41 p., 1 plate.

California

Clear Lake Volcanic Field

Mangan, M. T., Ball, J., Wood, N. J., Jones, J. L., Peters, J., Abdollahian, N., Dinitz, L., Blankenheim, S., Fenton, J. & Pridmore, C. (2018). California's Exposure to Volcanic Hazards. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report , 2018-5159, 49 p.

White, M. N., Ramsey, D. W. & Miller, C. D. (2011). Database for potential hazards from future volcanic eruptions in California. U.S. Geological Survey Data Series , 661

Miller, C. D. (1989). Potential hazards from future volcanic eruptions in California. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin , 1847, 17 p.

Coso Volcanic Field

White, M. N., Ramsey, D. W. & Miller, C. D. (2011). Database for potential hazards from future volcanic eruptions in California. U.S. Geological Survey Data Series , 661

Miller, C. D. (1989). Potential hazards from future volcanic eruptions in California. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin , 1847, 17 p.

Miller, C. D., Mullineaux, D. R., Crandell, D. R. & Bailey, R. A. (1982). Potential hazards from future volcanic eruptions in the Long Valley-Mono Lake area, east-central California and southwest Nevada; a preliminary assessment. U.S. Geological Survey Circular , 877, 10 p.

Golden Trout Creek Volcanic Field

White, M. N., Ramsey, D. W. & Miller, C. D. (2011). Database for potential hazards from future volcanic eruptions in California. U.S. Geological Survey Data Series , 661

Miller, C. D. (1989). Potential hazards from future volcanic eruptions in California. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin , 1847, 17 p.

Lassen Volcanic Center

Clynne, M. A., Robinson, J. E., Nathenson, M. & Muffler, L. P. (2012). Volcano hazards assessment for the Lassen region, northern California. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report , 2012-5176-A, 47 p.

Nathenson, M., Clynne, M. A. & Muffler, L. P. (2012). Eruption probabilities for the Lassen Volcanic Center and regional volcanism, northern California, and probabilities for large explosive eruptions in the Cascade Range. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report , 2012-5176-B, 23 p.

Robinson, J. E. & Clynne, M. A. (2012). Lahar Hazard Zones for Eruption-Generated Lahars in the Lassen Volcanic Center, California. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report , 2012-5176-C, 13 p.

White, M. N., Ramsey, D. W. & Miller, C. D. (2011). Database for potential hazards from future volcanic eruptions in California. U.S. Geological Survey Data Series , 661

Miller, C. D. (1989). Potential hazards from future volcanic eruptions in California. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin , 1847, 17 p.

Christiansen, R. L. (1982). Volcanic hazard potential in the California Cascades. Martin, R. C. & Davis, J. F. (Eds.) , Special Publication , 63, p. 41-59. http://www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs/information/publications/library

Long Valley Caldera

White, M. N., Ramsey, D. W. & Miller, C. D. (2011). Database for potential hazards from future volcanic eruptions in California. U.S. Geological Survey Data Series , 661

Miller, C. D. (1989). Potential hazards from future volcanic eruptions in California. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin , 1847, 17 p.

Mammoth Mountain

White, M. N., Ramsey, D. W. & Miller, C. D. (2011). Database for potential hazards from future volcanic eruptions in California. U.S. Geological Survey Data Series , 661

Miller, C. D. (1989). Potential hazards from future volcanic eruptions in California. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin , 1847, 17 p.

Medicine Lake

White, M. N., Ramsey, D. W. & Miller, C. D. (2011). Database for potential hazards from future volcanic eruptions in California. U.S. Geological Survey Data Series , 661

Donnelly-Nolan, J. M., Nathenson, M., Champion, D. E., Ramsey, D. W., Lowenstern, J. B. & Ewert, J. W. (2007). Volcano hazards assessment for Medicine Lake Volcano, Northern California. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report , 2007-5174-A, 26 p.

Nathenson, M., Donnelly-Nolan, J. M., Champion, D. E. & Lowenstern, J. B. (2007). Chronology of postglacial eruptive activity and calculation of eruption probabilities for Medicine Lake Volcano, Northern California. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report , 2007-5174-B, 10 p.

Mono Lake Volcanic Field

White, M. N., Ramsey, D. W. & Miller, C. D. (2011). Database for potential hazards from future volcanic eruptions in California. U.S. Geological Survey Data Series , 661

Miller, C. D. (1989). Potential hazards from future volcanic eruptions in California. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin , 1847, 17 p.

Mono-Inyo Chain

White, M. N., Ramsey, D. W. & Miller, C. D. (2011). Database for potential hazards from future volcanic eruptions in California. U.S. Geological Survey Data Series , 661

Miller, C. D. (1989). Potential hazards from future volcanic eruptions in California. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin , 1847, 17 p.

Mount Shasta

White, M. N., Ramsey, D. W. & Miller, C. D. (2011). Database for potential hazards from future volcanic eruptions in California. U.S. Geological Survey Data Series , 661

Crandell, D. R. (1989). Gigantic debris avalanche of Pleistocene age from ancestral Mount Shasta Volcano, California, and debris-avalanche hazard zonation. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin , 1861, 32 p.

Crandell, D. R. & Nichols, D. R. (1989). Volcanic hazards at Mount Shasta, California. U.S. Geological Survey General Information Product , 22 p. http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70039409

Miller, C. D. (1989). Potential hazards from future volcanic eruptions in California. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin , 1847, 17 p.

Miller, C. D. (1980). Potential hazards from future eruptions in the vicinity of Mount Shasta Volcano, Northern California. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin , 1503, 43 p.

Salton Buttes

White, M. N., Ramsey, D. W. & Miller, C. D. (2011). Database for potential hazards from future volcanic eruptions in California. U.S. Geological Survey Data Series , 661

Miller, C. D. (1989). Potential hazards from future volcanic eruptions in California. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin , 1847, 17 p.

Silver Lake Volcanic Field

White, M. N., Ramsey, D. W. & Miller, C. D. (2011). Database for potential hazards from future volcanic eruptions in California. U.S. Geological Survey Data Series , 661

Tumble Buttes

White, M. N., Ramsey, D. W. & Miller, C. D. (2011). Database for potential hazards from future volcanic eruptions in California. U.S. Geological Survey Data Series , 661

Miller, C. D. (1989). Potential hazards from future volcanic eruptions in California. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin , 1847, 17 p.

Twin Buttes

White, M. N., Ramsey, D. W. & Miller, C. D. (2011). Database for potential hazards from future volcanic eruptions in California. U.S. Geological Survey Data Series , 661

Miller, C. D. (1989). Potential hazards from future volcanic eruptions in California. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin , 1847, 17 p.

Ubehebe Craters

White, M. N., Ramsey, D. W. & Miller, C. D. (2011). Database for potential hazards from future volcanic eruptions in California. U.S. Geological Survey Data Series , 661

Miller, C. D. (1989). Potential hazards from future volcanic eruptions in California. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin , 1847, 17 p.

Hawaii

Haleakala

Klein, F. W., Frankel, A. D., Mueller, R. L., Wesson, R. L. & Okubo, P. G. (2000). Seismic-hazard maps for Hawaii. U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Map , IMAP 2724, 8 maps; 2 sheets.

Crandell, D. R. (1983). Potential hazards from future volcanic eruptions on the Island of Maui, Hawaii. U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Map , I-1442, 1 plate. http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/i1442

Hualalai

Lee, R. G., Teixeira, E. S., Yanagi, B. S., Chock, G. & Sgambelluri, M. (2005). Earthquake hazards and estimated losses in the County of Hawai‘i. Ogata-Deal, A. (Ed.) , , 32 p.

Wright, T. L., Chun, J. Y., Exposo, J., Heliker, C. C., Hodge, J., Lockwood, J. P. & Vogt, S. M. (1992). Map showing lava-flow hazard zones, Island of Hawaii. U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map , MF-2193, 1 plate. http://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1992/2193/

Heliker, C. C. (1990). Volcanic and seismic hazards on the Island of Hawaii. U.S. Geological Survey General Information Product , 48 p.

Kilauea

Preliminary Analysis of Hazards at the Kamokuna Ocean Entry: Cooperator Report to the U.S. Coast Guard.(2017). U.S. Geological Survey. , 15 p.

Lee, R. G., Teixeira, E. S., Yanagi, B. S., Chock, G. & Sgambelluri, M. (2005). Earthquake hazards and estimated losses in the County of Hawai‘i. Ogata-Deal, A. (Ed.) , , 32 p.

Heliker, C. C. (1990). Volcanic and seismic hazards on the Island of Hawaii. U.S. Geological Survey General Information Product , 48 p.

Mullineaux, D. R., Peterson, D. W. & Crandell, D. R. (1987). Volcanic hazards in the Hawaiian Islands.Decker, R. W., Wright, T. L. & Stauffer, P. H. (Eds.) , U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper , 1350, p. 599-621. https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1987/1350/index.html

Mauna Kea

Lee, R. G., Teixeira, E. S., Yanagi, B. S., Chock, G. & Sgambelluri, M. (2005). Earthquake hazards and estimated losses in the County of Hawai‘i. Ogata-Deal, A. (Ed.) , , 32 p.

Heliker, C. C. (1990). Volcanic and seismic hazards on the Island of Hawaii. U.S. Geological Survey General Information Product , 48 p.

Mauna Loa

Lee, R. G., Teixeira, E. S., Yanagi, B. S., Chock, G. & Sgambelluri, M. (2005). Earthquake hazards and estimated losses in the County of Hawai‘i. Ogata-Deal, A. (Ed.) , , 32 p.

Kauahikaua, J. P., Margriter, S., Lockwood, J. P. & Trusdell, F. A. (1995). Applications of GIS to the estimation of lava flow hazards on Mauna Loa Volcano, Hawai`i. Rhodes, J. M. & Lockwood, J. P. (Eds.) , Geophysical Monograph Series , 92, p. 315-325. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/book/10.1029/GM092

Trusdell, F. A. (1995). Lava flow hazards and risk assessment on Mauna Loa Volcano, Hawai`i. Rhodes, J. M. & Lockwood, J. P. (Eds.) , Geophysical Monograph Series , 92, p. 327-336. doi:10.1029/GM092 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/book/10.1029/GM092

Heliker, C. C. (1990). Volcanic and seismic hazards on the Island of Hawaii. U.S. Geological Survey General Information Product , 48 p.

Oregon

Crater Lake

Schilling, S. P., Doelger, S., Bacon, C. R., Mastin, L. G., Scott, K. & Nathenson, M. (2008). Digital data for volcano hazards in the Crater Lake region, Oregon (data to accompany USGS Open-File Report 97-487). U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report , 2007-1223 http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1223/index.html

Bacon, C. R., Mastin, L. G., Scott, K. & Nathenson, M. (1997). Volcano and earthquake hazards in the Crater Lake region, Oregon. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report , 97-487, 32 p.

Mount Hood

Schilling, S. P., Doelger, S., Scott, W. E., Pierson, T., Costa, J., Gardner, C., Vallance, J. W. & Major, J. (2008). Digital Data for Volcano Hazards of the Mount Hood Region, Oregon. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report , 2007-1222

Scott, W. E., Pierson, T., Schilling, S. P., Costa, J., Gardner, C., Vallance, J. W. & Major, J. (1997). Volcano hazards in the Mount Hood region, Oregon. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report , 97-89, 14 p.

Hoblitt, R. P., Miller, C. D. & Scott, W. E. (1987). Volcanic Hazards with Regard to Siting Nuclear-Power Plants in the Pacific Northwest. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report , 87-297, 196 p. http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ofr87297

Crandell, D. R. (1980). Recent eruptive history of Mount Hood, Oregon, and potential hazards from future eruptions. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin , 1492, 81 p.

Mount Jefferson

Schilling, S. P., Doelger, S., Walder, J. S., Gardner, C., Conrey, R. M. & Fisher, B. J. (2007). Digital Data for Volcano Hazards in the Mount Jefferson Region, Oregon. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report, 1224

Walder, J. S., Gardner, C., Conrey, R. M., Fisher, B. J. & Schilling, S. P. (2000). Volcano Hazards in the Mount Jefferson Region, Oregon. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report , 99-24, 14 p., 2 plates.

Newberry

Schilling, S. P., Doelger, S., Sherrod, D. R., Mastin, L. G. & Scott, W. E. (2008). Digital Data for Volcano Hazards at Newberry Volcano, Oregon. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report , 2007-1225

Sherrod, D. R., Mastin, L. G., Scott, W. E. & Schilling, S. P. (1997). Volcano hazards at Newberry Volcano, Oregon. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report , 97-513, 14 pp. http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ofr97513

Three Sisters

Schilling, S. P., Doelger, S., Scott, W. E. & Iverson, R. (2008). Digital Data for Volcano Hazards of the Three Sisters Region, Oregon. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report , 2007-1221

Scott, W. E., Iverson, R., Schilling, S. P. & Fisher, B. J. (2001). Volcano Hazards in the Three Sisters Region, Oregon. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report , 99-437, 14 p.

Washington

Glacier Peak

Schilling, S. P. (1996). Digital data set of volcano hazards for active Cascade Volcanos, Washington. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report , 96-178

Waitt, R., Mastin, L. G. & Beget, J. E. (1995). Volcanic-hazard zonation for Glacier Peak Volcano, Washington. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report , 95-499, 9 p., 1 plate. http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0499/

Beget, J. E. (1982). Postglacial Volcanic Deposits at Glacier Peak, Washington, and Potential Hazards from Future Eruptions. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report , 82-830, 81 p.

Indian Heaven Volcanic Field

Scott, W. E., Iverson, R., Vallance, J. W. & Hildreth, W. (1995). Volcano hazards in the Mount Adams region, Washington. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report , 95-492

Mount Adams

Griswold, J. P., Pierson, T. & Bard, J. A. (2018). Modeled inundation limits of potential lahars from Mount Adams in the White Salmon River Valley, Washington. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report , 2018-1013, 14 p.

Vallance, J. W. (1999). Postglacial lahars and potential hazards in the White Salmon River system on the southwest flank of Mount Adams, Washington. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin , 2161, 49 p.

Schilling, S. P. (1996). Digital data set of volcano hazards for active Cascade Volcanos, Washington. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report , 96-178

Scott, W. E., Iverson, R., Vallance, J. W. & Hildreth, W. (1995). Volcano hazards in the Mount Adams region, Washington. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report , 95-492

Mount Baker

Schilling, S. P. (1996). Digital data set of volcano hazards for active Cascade Volcanos, Washington. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report , 96-178

Gardner, C., Scott, K., Miller, C. D., Myers, B., Hildreth, W. & Pringle, P. T. (1995). Potential volcanic hazards from future activity of Mount Baker, Washington. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report , 95-498, 16 p.

Hyde, J. & Crandell, D. R. (1978). Postglacial volcanic deposits at Mount Baker, Washington, and potential hazards from future eruptions. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper , 1022-C, C1-C17.

Mount Rainier

Schilling, S. P., Doelger, S., Hoblitt, R. P., Walder, J. S., Driedger, C., Scott, K., Pringle, P. T. & Vallance, J. W. (2008). Digital Data for Volcano Hazards from Mount Rainier, Washington, Revised 1998. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report , 2007-1220

Vallance, J. W., Cunico, M. L. & Schilling, S. P. (2003). Debris-flow hazards caused by hydrologic events at Mount Rainier, Washington. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report , 03-368, 4 p., 2 plates. http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ofr03368

Hoblitt, R. P., Walder, J. S., Driedger, C., Scott, K., Pringle, P. T. & Vallance, J. W. (1998). Volcano Hazards from Mount Rainier, Washington, Revised 1998. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report , 83-541, 11 p. http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ofr98428

Schilling, S. P. (1996). Digital data set of volcano hazards for active Cascade Volcanos, Washington. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report , 96-178

Mount Rainier—Active Cascade Volcano. National Academy of Sciences (1994). National Research Council. , 113 p.

Crandell, D. R. (1973). Map showing potential hazards from future eruptions of Mount Rainier, Washington.U.S. Geological Survey Numbered Series , IMAP 836, 1 plate.

Crandell, D. R. & Mullineaux, D. R. (1967). Volcanic hazards at Mount Rainier, Washington. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin , 1238, 22 pp.

Mount St. Helens

Schilling, S. P. (1996). Digital data set of volcano hazards for active Cascade Volcanos, Washington. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report , 96-178

Wolfe, E. W. & Pierson, T. (1995). Volcanic-hazard zonation for Mount St. Helens, Washington, 1995. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report , 95-497, 12 p. https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0497/

Pallister, J. S., Hoblitt, R. P., Crandell, D. R. & Mullineaux, D. R. (1992). Mount St. Helens a decade after the 1980 eruptions: magmatic models, chemical cycles, and a revised hazards assessment. Bulletin of Volcanology , 54, p.126-146. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF00278003

Newhall, C. G. (1984). Semi-quantitative assessment of changing volcanic risk at Mount St. Helens, Washington. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report , 84-272, 30 p. http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ofr84272

Newhall, C. G. (1982). A method for estimating intermediate- and long-term risks from volcanic activity, with an example from Mount St. Helens, Washington. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report , 82-396, 59 p. http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ofr82396

Miller, C. D., Mullineaux, D. R. & Crandell, D. R. (1981). Hazards assessments at Mount St. Helens. Lipman, P. W. & Mullineaux, D. R. (Eds.) , U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper , 1250, p. 789-802.

Mason, K. R., Grant, L. & Furlow, E. (1980). The Economic Effects of the Eruptions of Mount St. Helens., USITC Publication 1096, 83 pp.

Crandell, D. R. & Mullineaux, D. R. (1978). Potential Hazards from Future Eruptions of Mount St. Helens Volcano, Washington. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin , 1383-C, 26 p. http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/b1383C

Wyoming

Yellowstone

Christiansen, R. L., Lowenstern, J. B., Smith, R. B., Heasler, H., Morgan, L. A., Nathenson, M., Mastin, L. G., Muffler, L. P. & Robinson, J. E. (2007). Preliminary Assessment of Volcanic and Hydrothermal Hazards in Yellowstone National Park and Vicinity. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report , 2007-1071, 98 p.